Hi Danny,
Your questions are typical of someone new to benchrest. It is normal to find "benchrest" with rifle and caliber questions but once the accuracy bug bites, you will find that "Benchrest" (capital B - competitive shooting) can get opinionated very quickly. To help you "name your game", and to help forum regulars understand your interests, here is a primer on what Benchrest means to most of the people who frequent the "Competitive Shooting" forums of this site. In addition to the competitions defined here, many ranges have their local competitions that cater to their own membership... these are generally non-sanctioned events and rules can vary widely.
First, Benchrest is loosely split into 3 different games: short-range group, score, and long-range. There are two national organizations (NBRSA and IBS) that sanction events and each has it own rules, officers, etc. The NBRSA is slightly older and more nation-wide; the IBS split off from the NBRSA over 40 years ago and has a strong presence particularly in the northeast part of the US. I'm most familiar with the NBRSA rules so I'll outline the sport from that perspective, the IBS rules may vary.
Short-range group:
Comments: This is the "grand-daddy" of modern BR competition... shooters typically clean rifles and reload between each target, attempting to adjust for conditions. A competitive rifle should be capable of 5-shot groups well under .250" in light wind conditions at 100 yards.
Range: 100, 200, and (rarely) 300 yard
Guns: 4 classes of guns:
- Light Varmint (LV) (10.5lb weight limit, conforming stock, front & rear rests)
- Heavy Varmint (HV) (13.5lb weight limit, confirming stock, front & rear rests)
- Sporter (SPT) (10.5lb weight limit, any stock, front & rear rests)
- Unlimited (UNL) (pretty much anything, look up "benchrest rail gun" for some examples)
Dominate Equipment: 6mm PPC built on a custom action, 40X+ scopes, wind flags
Scoring: distance between widest shots (center-to-center) of the group, does not matter where the group is on the record portion of the target.
Objective: shoot the smallest group possible.
Typical Weekend Competition: Host range specifies 2 guns (i.e. LV and HV) which are each shot at 100 and 200 yards. The course of fire is 5 targets at each yardage, where you have 7 minutes to complete a 5-shot group on the record portion of your target -- unlimited sighters within that 7 minutes. So Saturday AM might be LV100, followed by HV100 in the afternoon. Sunday would likely be HV200, followed by LV200 in the afternoon. The guns, yardages, and order are up to the range. Winners are recognized for smallest group at each yardage, smallest average for each yardage, smallest average for each gun, and overall smallest average (20 targets) for the weekend ("2-Gun Winner").
Score:
Comments: Hunter-class score shooting started out as entry-level game to attract new group shooters, but has developed into its own discipline. Varmint-For-Score is a popular and relatively recent addition that allows equipment to be used in multiple BR disciplines. Larger caliber bullets have a slight edge due to the best-edge scoring and historically HTR-class guns had case-size restrictions, though those have been recently removed. Hence, there is much less dominance of a single cartridge than there is in group shooting. A competitive rifle should be capable of 5-shot groups well under .350" in light wind conditions at 100 yards for Hunter Class and .250" for VFS class.
Range: 100, 200, and (rarely) 300 yard
Guns:
- Hunter Class (HTR)(10lb weight limit, hunter class - conforming stock, front & rear rests, 6x scope limit)
- Varmint-For-Score (VFS): see Heavy Varmint (HV) definition above.
Dominate Equipment: rifle built on a custom action. (6X scope for HTR, 36-45X+ for VFS). Popular calibers include the 30BR, 6PPC, and 30x47. Wind flags.
Scoring: smallest ring on target is 10 points - dot in the center is an "X", best-edge scores so touching the dot = 10-X, 5 bulls plus a sighter bull on the target.
Objective: Shoot highest score (50-5X) on each target and the highest total for a competition. Score is first, X-count is the tie breaker, so 50-0X beats 49-4X.
Typical Weekend Competition: Similar to group above, but shooting for score. Score shoots are somewhat easier for ranges to put on, and in some areas one-day (10 target) shoots are more common.
Long-Range:
Comments: Long-range is usually sanctioned at 600 or 1000 yards. There are significant variations in scoring and other rules depending on NBRSA or IBS sanctions and local range facilities. Because of course-of-fire requirements, many LR shooters pre-load their ammo for competition. Competitive rifles will be capable of 5-shot groups well under 2.5" in light, steady wind conditions at 600 yards.
Range: 600 and 1000 yard
Guns: (NBRSA)
- Light Class (LG)(16lb weight limit, front & rear rests)
- Heavy Class (HG) (no practical weight limit, front & rear rests i.e., no rail guns)
Dominate Equipment: 28-30" fast-twist barrels on a rifle built on a custom action. 40X+ scopes. Popular calibers include the 6BR, 6 Dasher, 6x47 Lapua, 6.5x284, and many others in the 6.5, 7, 30 and even 338 calibers. Heavy, long range VLD bullets are the norm (i.e. 105gr 6mm in a 1:8 twist barrel). Wind flags are less common.
Scoring: Group size and score, smallest ring on target is 10 points - circle in the center on 10 ring is an "X", best-edge scores so touching the circle = 10-X
Objective: Shoot highest score (50-5X) on each target and the highest total for a competition. Score is first, X-count is the tie breaker, so 50-0X beats 49-4X.
Typical Weekend Competition: Much more varied according to the host range facilities... but here an example: Three targets are 600 on Sat, 3 targets at 100 on Sunday. All targets are scored for both group size and score. Awards are recognized for smallest groups, smallest group averages, highest scores, and highest total scores across all the gun classes.
This is a just a short overview, but each forum member has his own specialties, so you can see how you can different answers. The best advise is to attend some events and try them out. With your traveling, there are opportunities all around the country - schedules are available on both the NBRSA and IBS websites. At almost any event someone will be happy let you give it try and shoot their gun. I once shot a whole week (national event) using a borrowed rifle... this was extremely valuable in helping me make choices about calibers and the kinds of events I liked.
Rod
(Group fanatic, rarely score, LR-wannabe)