Jim,
Do all of the factors that improve loads for 1,000 show up on a chronograph as well as targets?
Speaking now of short range, it may be that this ends up being about the width of tuning nodes, expressed in FPS, as well as where, within a node a test load is. If you happen to be working at the edge of a node, and variations in charge weight take you out of or off of it, then I think that they are likely to be seen on the target, but if one is near the center of a broad node, perhaps not. Also, depending on conditions, the variations could literally be lost in the wind. Another factor creeps in here. I believe that tuner shooters, including Mr. Buckys would say that one of the advantages, if not the major one, of tuners is that they broaden a node, so we may have a situation where if one is in the middle of the broadest possible node that what ends up mattering is different than if one is working at the edge, or with one that is significantly narrower.
As I am sure we are all aware, long range is preloaded, whereas short, for group almost never is. One of the reasons for this is that it is hard to precisely determine ahead of time precisely what charge weight will be the best at the start of any given aggregate. For this reason, some very good short range shooters have been known to go to the line with more than one load, and after testing on the sighter, choose one for the record target. Preloading for a test gives away this potential advantage, and not having it available may mean that a test is done with loads that are not as well tuned as they could be.
All in all, perhaps the best answer to be had on this subject will be found by determining the width of a typical node, in velocity, and then testing to see if thrown charges can reliably stay within this node. A major factor in this will be the grain size and shape of the powder used. I would say that since Gary Ocock has shot all of his records, including several unlimited aggregates, with thrown charges of powders that are smaller than 133, that the main question to be answered is what can be done with 133.
Boyd